An umbilical hernia is defined by the classification of the European Hernia Society as a hernia that is present three centimeters above to three centimeters under the umbilicus. An umbilical hernia is said to be the second most frequently present type of hernia in adults after inguinal hernia.  Umbilical hernia can occur in people having chronic distention of the wall of the abdomen accompanied by increased intra-abdominal pressure such as in pregnant women, or in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis or with ascites.

The surgical process through which an appendix is removed is known as appendectomy. Usually, the surgical removal of an appendix is carried out when there is an emergency to manage an inflamed appendix. Appendectomy comes among the most common surgeries performed in the United States to manage acute appendicitis.

Cholecystectomy is the removal of the gallbladder that is among the most popularly performed surgical techniques in the US and every year, almost 1.2 million surgical removals of the gallbladder are performed. The gold standard for cholecystectomy was the open technique before 1991 that included carrying out a cholangiogram intraoperatively. After this procedure, patients usually had to spend two to six days at the hospital. However, by the late 1980s, after the arrival of laparoscopic techniques and surgeries, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the gold standard approach.

Mastectomy can be defined as partial or complete removal of breast mass. It is a treatment option for breast cancer as well as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, etc.  The position and size of the tumor, the outcomes of your laboratory examinations, and if cancer has spread to other regions of your body are just a few of the variables that will determine what’s best for you. Your healthcare professional will adjust your treatment plan to meet your specific requirements. Taking a combination treatment is also common among many breast cancer women.